Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England Myth or Reality Essay Example

Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? Paper Black magics and witches’ powers written in literary works and records of Elizabethan time have consistently been the subject of discussion among student of history. As indicated by them, witches’ â€Å"powers† are interchangeable to information and that black magic didn't exist during the Elizabethan time. In any case, some verifiable records have restricted these recommendations and asserted that these creatures truly existed during the Elizabethan period. Elizabethan England is known as the authoritative time of Queen Elizabeth from 1558 to 1603, which has consistently been viewed as the brilliant period of England’s history[1]. Be that as it may, students of history have additionally viewed this time as the beginning of the wide black magic threat in the social orders of England. Elizabethan essayists, for example, W. Shakespeare’s Macbeth (1603-1606), Dekker, Ford and Rowley’s The Witch of Edmonton (1621), and Heywood and Brome’s The Late Lancashire Witches (1634), had composed genuine stories uncovering witch preliminaries during this era[2]. In any case, students of history had credited these stories to legends, while some contradict these cases expressing that these truly happened. We will compose a custom article test on Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Conversation English renaissance bloomed during this time enhancing fields of English verse and writing, while English transformation among Protestants and Catholics started to die down in the endeavors of inside harmony in religion. With Christianity’s condition of harmony, expressions of black magic had spread from Scotland towards London, and in the long run, the strict society got frightened. The possibility of black magic and witch presence during the Elizabethan period was first told in the distributed treatise of Scotland’s King James VI †Daemonologie †in Ediburgh in 1957 in the wake of being persuaded of the presence of witches. Ruler James VI himself had experienced a witch who anticipated his careful explanations towards his lady of the hour during their wedding night[3]. Black magic turned into an issue all through England, and high society viewed the poor as the ladies behind the paranormal occasion. Be that as it may, as indicated by the student of history, Ja mes Sharpe, Elizabethan witches didn't exist as prove by their absence of witches’ aggregate association at any point noted in England’s verifiable records (refered to in Pool 127). Besides, the story of black magic during this time was dubiously disposed on female mistreatment. McFalane and Sharpe (1999) contended that the black magic stories didn't altogether exist since these were all unimportant allegations brought by society’s low respects against ladylike criticalness in the public eye (76). In the interim, a few antiquarians declare that allegations of black magic were just accomplished with the end goal of social control among ladies of Elizabethan time, for example, the account of Anne Boleyn and Perotine Massey[4]. Female society was conceivably dreaded because of their sexual power over men, particularly during instances of origination were included. Witch allegations were likewise coordinated among ladies who avoided male centric forces and those wit h solid character. As per Travitsky and Seeff (1994), ladies blamed with black magic were singed in question to keep them from coming back to their general public; accordingly, forestalling also their expected impact. Then again, ladies charged with black magic during Elizabethan period were around 314 recorded in Assize court indictment, while greater part were scorched or vindicated without legitimate preliminaries. Shockingly, the dread of people in general towards witches was extreme to such an extent that basic petting of creatures was at that point thought about black magic. Ladies denounced as witches had their familiars (normatively a dark feline), and together, were singed in question, for example, the Witch preliminaries at Chelmsford in 1566[5].â actually, the patterns of witch-chasing during this period turned out to be serious to the point that the higher court passed two acts (for example Black magic Act of 1542 and 1563) forcing a discipline of death against those demonstrated rehearsing witchcraft[6]. Two of the most honorable records of witch preliminaries happened in 1566 and 1567, which clearly included paranormal signs.  The record of the black magic preliminary in 1566 inc luded a widow alluded as the Mother Agnes Waterhouse, who had her spotted recognizable (feline) named as â€Å"Sathan†. The feline was given by the grandma of Elizabeth Francis who, at the hour of claiming the feline, got different arrangements of sexual solicitations from the feline. Subsequent to possessing the feline, Mother Waterhouse turned the animal to an amphibian to harm the poultries and geese of her neighbors. Sadly, Mother Waterhouse executed one of his neighbors all the while, which drove her to the witches’ common preliminary. In the long run, Mother Agnes’s 18-year-old little girl †Jone (or Joan) †affirmed against her black magic practices, which drove her to death by the rope[7]. Then again, another case was documented by the youthful child of Elleine Smith proclaiming that his mom possessed three spirits that she utilized on her black magic services. The preliminaries initiated without giving the announcements of the youngster; albeit, four observers affirmed on the records of the kid, which fulfilled the court judgment. In spite of these occasions, students of history protected the issue by guaranteeing that the patterns of allegations were not under any condition bolstered by the physical types of the charged paranormal occasions. In any case, approaches of the higher specialists (for example Ruler James VI, papacy, and so forth.) and the normal individuals from Elizabethan culture were totally uncommon to think about these allegations as results of social control towards the ladylike network. End All in all, the occasions of black magic during the Elizabethan culture can be considered as another type of fantasy because of the absence of confirmations to help the cases of the real paranormal action. Based from the historians’ accounts, allegations of black magic are just pieces of the social control executed by the general public to forestall sidestep of male centric power and to keep up the request for sexual orientation in Elizabethan culture. Notwithstanding, turmoil and suspicions on these occasions may at present proceed until evidences of witchcraft’s presence during Elizabethan period are found.

Plath Sample answer

â€Å"Plath’s provocative symbolism serves to feature the serious feelings communicated in her poetry.†I concur totally that Plath utilizes a great deal of provocative symbolism to feature the extreme feelings communicated in her poetry.The sonnet I will examine considering this announcement is ‘Morning Song’.In this sonnet I found a ton of provocative symbolism that caused me to feel different feelings. One provocative picture that stood apart for me was, ‘new statue’. I discovered this picture provocative on the grounds that it’s strange to depict your new conceived infant as a sculpture. It incited/created outrage and turmoil in me. It drove me mad on the grounds that I imagine that Plath is proposing that her kid is a belonging. I trust it isn't right to have a youngster just to add to your life like another vehicle or home. It likewise befuddled me in light of the fact that the title proposes something positive however to me this pi cture is negative.Another provocative picture that stood apart for me was, ‘In a drafty historical center, your exposure shadows our safety’. This is a provocative picture since I find that Plath is by and large brutally fair with regards to her relationship with her significant other. To portray your home similar to a drafty gallery is surprising. It caused me to feel regard towards Plath yet additionally outrage. I regard her for having the option to come clean about her relationship. To communicate the dejection and melancholy she feels is gallant. Anyway I feel outrage at the possibility that some way or another having a kid would fix the issues in their relationship, ‘your bareness shadows our safety’.A third provocative picture that stood apart for me was, ‘I’m no more your mother’. This to me is very provocative. Her kid is just conceived and as of now Plath is feeling that she isn't or ought not be a piece of her daughter’ s life. This incited/made me have trouble and sympathy for Plath. I feel that she’s apprehensive that her youngster will before long be an individual and won't need her mother’s guidance or support. This causes me to feel dismal for Plath as a mother, to as of now be considering when her little girl leaves the home as opposed to getting a charge out of the snapshots of her being a youngster. I likewise feel pityâ for Plath since I feel she trusts that her youngster won’t need her. I think she feels along these lines on the grounds that she’s apprehensive her kid will resemble her and take on her depression.The last provocative picture that stood apart for me was, ‘In my Victorian nightgown’. This is a provocative picture on the grounds that again I think Plath is as a rule obtrusively legitimate with regards to her relationship with her better half. I think she utilizes the robe as an image for an absence of enthusiasm in her relationship wi th her better half. This picture caused me to feel regard for Plath. I regard her for having the option to come clean about her relationship. To communicate the dejection and misery she feels is fearless particularly when it’s something personal like their sexual relationship.Overall I found that Plath utilizes a great deal of provocative symbolism to say something, to stun and make the peruser pay heed to what she is attempting to state. I additionally feel she utilizes these pictures in an extraordinary manner to incite or make serious feelings for the peruser and propose these are simply similar feelings she is experiencing.

Emergency Application Extension

Emergency Application Extension The MIT Early Action application deadline has been extended to November 6th, 11:59 PM, for SOME students affected by this weekends noreaster. More information below. As you may have heard the northeastern United States was hit by a devastating snowstorm this past weekend. The storm, which featured winds and pressures (975 mb) characteristic of a Category 2 hurricane, dumped heavy, wet snow across the region, exceeding two feet in areas of Western Massachusetts. This kind of snow, which is unusually dense, can exceed 10 pounds per square foot in weight. And because of a mild fall, many leaves are still on their trees, increasing the surface area vulnerable to the storm. Heavy snow, catching on leafy trees, freezing to them, and then being subjected to 50+ MPH winds is the landlocked equivalent of the perfect storm which occurred almost exactly twenty years ago. A tree sags over torn power lines in south-central New Hampshire near my parents house The results have been disastrous. More than three million people lost power by the peak of the storm. Because of comprehensive damage to all levels of the infrastructure, approximately 70% of Connecticut remains entirely without power, as well as approximately 50% of Western Massachusetts, along with wide swaths of Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Maine, and other areas in the region. This storm has caused more damage to the electrical and telecommunications infrastructure than any other in history. In most of these places the power will not be restored for several days; in the worst, a week or more. And the Internet will likely lag behind it. While snow, in moderation, is a cause for celebration, in excess it can be catastrophic. Millions of people are without heat, light, or the ability to cook food, boil water, and generally care for themselves at this time. And our best thoughts and wishes are with them. A much less severe, but nonetheless important, implication of this widespread loss of power is that many prospective students to MIT who were affected by the storm will be unable to meet tomorrows Early Action deadline for application to MIT. That is OK. There are more important things to worry about, like heat and light, than this. However, as a result, we are extending our application deadline for for students affected by the storm,  i.e. lost power / Internet for 24 hours or more. The new deadline for those students is November 6th, 2011, at 11:59 PM. For all other students, we will still require you to submit the application by the old deadline, which is tomorrow. Some students have called in to ask about the essay questions, because they havent been able to work on them with the power out. While I cant restore whatever drafts you may have saved to you, here are the essay questions we ask with this years application, so that, if nothing else, you may work on them with pencil and paper: We know you lead a busy life, full of activities, many of which are required of you. Tell us about something you do for the pleasure of it. (100 words or fewer) Although you may not yet know what you want to major in, which department or program at MIT appeals to you and why?  (100 words or fewer) What attribute of your personality are you most proud of, and how has it impacted your life so far? This could be your creativity, effective leadership, sense of humor, integrity, or anything else youd like to tell us about. (200-250 words) Describe the world you come from; for example, your family, clubs, school, community, city, or town. How has that world shaped your dreams and aspirations. (200-250 words) Tell us about the most significant challenge youve faced or something important that didnt go according to plan. How did you manage the situation? (200-250 words) If you are going to be without power for an extended period of time beyond the November 6th deadline I advise you to fill out your application at school. And obviously, anyone without power now will not be able to read this blog post, so I would ask those who can friends, teachers, guidance counselors, etc to please forward it on to them and spread the word so that they know. I would also take this opportunity to reiterate that there is no difference in our application process between Early and Regular Action besides the date by which you must apply. We do not have preferences or different admission rates for students in different cycles. So if you were planning on applying Early Action, but need to dig your house out from under the snow, you may do so with the knowledge that it will not disadvantage your application. Thank you, everyone, and please, stay safe.

Conjugation of Regular Spanish Verbs in the Subjunctive Mood

Except for those rare few of us who can learn verb conjugations without effort, mastering them at some point will require rote memorization. While the verb forms can be confusing at first, with use they become natural as conjugations in the native tongue. The lists below show the forms of the subjunctive for regular verbs; see individual listings for irregular verbs. Translations are given for clarity in distinguishing the tenses; in real life, other translations can be used. Present subjunctive, regular -ar verbs: Remove the -o from the singular first-person indicative form and add the appropriate ending: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -à ©is, en. que yo hable (that I speak) que tà º hables (that you speak) que à ©l/ella/usted hable (that he/she/you speak) que nosotros/nosotras hablemos (that we speak) que vosotros/vosotras hablà ©is (that you speak) que ellos/ellas/ustedes hablen (that they/you speak) Present subjunctive, regular -er and -ir verbs: Remove the -o from the singular first-person indicative form and add the appropriate ending: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -à ¡is, an. que yo coma (that I eat) que tà º comas (that you eat) que à ©l/ella/usted coma (that he/she/you eat) que nosotros/nosotras comamos (that we eat) que vosotros/vosotras comà ¡is (that you eat) que ellos/ellas/ustedes coman (that they/you eat) Imperfect subjunctive of regular verbs: Remove the -on from the third-person indicative plural preterite form and add the appropriate ending: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -ais, an. Put the stress on the last syllable of the stem in the nosotros form. que yo hablara (that I spoke) que tà º hablaras (that you spoke) que à ©l/ella/usted hablara (that he/she/you spoke) que nosotros/nosotras hablà ¡ramos (that we spoke) que vosotros/vosotras hablarais (that you spoke) que ellos/ellas/ustedes hablaran (that they/you spoke) que yo comiera (that I ate) que tà º comieras (that you ate) que à ©l/ella/usted comiera (that he/she/you ate) que nosotros/nosotras comià ©ramos (that we ate) que vosotros/vosotras comierais (that you ate) que ellos/ellas/ustedes comieran (that they/you ate) There is also a less common form of this tense that is used primarily in writing, especially literature. It is seldom heard in speech in most regions. It is conjugated as above, except the -ra- becomes -se-. It normally is not necessary to memorize this form, but you should be able to recognize it when you see it. que yo hablase (that I spoke) que tà º hablases (that you spoke) que à ©l/ella/usted hablase (that he/she/you spoke) que nosotros/nosotras hablà ¡semos (that we spoke) que vosotros/vosotras hablaseis (that you spoke) que ellos/ellas/ustedes hablasen (that they/you spoke) que yo comiese (that I ate) que tà º comieses (that you ate) que à ©l/ella/usted comiese (that he/she/you ate) que nosotros/nosotras comià ©semos (that we ate) que vosotros/vosotras comieseis (that you ate) que ellos/ellas/ustedes comiesen (that they/you ate) Present perfect subjunctive: Use the present subjunctive form of haber (which is irregular) and follow it with the past participle. que yo haya salido (that I have left) que tà º hayas salido (that you have left) que à ©l/ella/you haya salido (that he/she/you have left) que nosotros hayamos salido (that we have left) que vosotros/vosotras hayà ¡is salido (that you have left) que ellos/ellas/ustedes hayan salido (that they/you have left) Past perfect subjunctive (pluperfect): Use the past subjunctive form of haber and follow it with the past participle. Although both the -ra and -se- forms of haber are possible, the former is more common and is shown below. que yo hubiera salido (that I had left) que tà º hubieras salido (that you had left) que à ©l/ella/usted hubiera salido (that he/she/you had left) que nosotros hubià ©ramos salido (that we had left) que vosotros/vosotras hubierà ¡is salido (that you had left) que ellos/ellas/ustedes hubieran salido (that they/you had left)

Bailar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, and Examples

The Study of Basics of Share Market with Special Reference to Sharekhan. Free Essays

string(75) " fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16\." MAKING INVESTMENT EASIER GIVING CUSTOMER ADVICE MAKING THE MARKET MORE ASSESSIBLE â€Å"OUR AIM IS TO IMPOWER THE INVESTOR TO MAKE INVESTMENT DECISION THROUGH QUALITY ADVICE AND SUPERIOR SERVICE† Sharekhan limited Amravati branch. Tank Complex, Above Union Bank, Rajkamal Square, Amravati www. sharekhan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Study of Basics of Share Market with Special Reference to Sharekhan. or any similar topic only for you Order Now com COMPANY PROFILE Sharekhan is a firm which is working under SSKI (Shantilal, Shevantilal, Kantilal, Ishwarlal) Ltd. SSKI was founded in 1922. SSKI is one of India’s oldest brokerage houses having eight decades of experience into:- ? Institutional Broking ?Investment Banking Retail Broking It is one of the founding members of the Stock Exchange, Mumbai and Pioneer Institutional Broker. SSKI Entered into Retail Broking in 1985. Share khan is the Retail Broking Arm of the BIG 82 Years old organization i. e. of SSKI and â€Å"Sharekhan† is the Brand Name given to its Retail Business. SSKI carries out its Retail Broking Activities under Sharekhan Brand Name. Sharekhan is One of India’s Leading Broking Houses. They Provides you a Complete Life-Cycle of Investment Solutions in Equities, Derivatives, Commodities Depository Services. Sharekhan Outlets act as Full Service Investment Solutions Provider, providing you wide range of services like – ? Equity Derivatives Trading on NSE and BSE ?Online Trading ?Commodities Trading on MCX NCDEX ?Portfolio Management Services ?Depository Services ?IPO Services ?Wide Range of Customized Research Products ?Uniform Service Standards Sharekhan Services:- Share khan is one of the India’s leading brokerage houses the retail arm of SSKI, with 340 branches in all over India. Offerings of the Sharekhan:- Sharekhan offers both offline and online trading account. But now a days it mostly concentrates on online trading account through which a customer can buy and sell shares in an instant from any part of the globe through website. It does not take into account any type of physical restriction of going to the broker for carrying out a transaction or any type of settlement of payment. It facilitates the customer a speedy and hassle free transaction. Share khan’s product consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates:- ?D-mat Account ?Trading Account ?Bank Link ?Dial-N-Trade For doing a trading of shares everyone need D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one can kept his shares. Then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C through this trading account, a Sharekhan customer can directly transfer his funds from his savings account i. e. from bank account to Sharekhan to his trading account without any paper work. He can buy and sell shares from the website and also view the market prices of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows trading at present only on NSE. BSE trading will be shortly available. To open an account a customer requires filling up a form consisting of 12 agreements, a passport size photograph, a residential proof, a photo ID proof and a cheque drawn of respective amount in favour of S. S. Kantilal Ishwarlal securities Pvt. Ltd. from 22 March, 2007 cheque is drawn in favour of Sharekhan LTD itself. After opening an account with Sharekhan, a customer will be given User ID, Membership password and trading password, which will enable him to access his account and trade. Bank Connection:- Sharekhan has affiliation with 11 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the facility of instant credit and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows:- ? HDFC BANK ?AXIS BANK ?CITI BANK ?ICICI BANK OBC BANK ?UNION BANK ?INDUSIND BANK ?IDBI BANK ?BOI ?YES BANK ?DEUTSCHE BANK Dial-n-Trade:- It is also an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the toll free number 1800-22-7500 the customer will be directed to a tele-broker who will buy or sell shares for him. Share Market: – Share market is an area which fascinates each and every indiv idual who is craving for more money. â€Å"In simple Words, a â€Å"share or stock† is a document issued by a company, which entitles its holder to be one of the owners of the company. A share is issued by a company or can be purchased from the stock market†. Securities Exchange Board of India {SEBI}:- †¢Establishment of SEBI The Securities and Exchange Board of India was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. The basic functions of SEBI is to protect the interests of investors in securities, to regulate the securities market to promote its development. †¢Functions of SEBI †¢ To register regulate the working of capital market intermediaries. †¢To regulate the working of mutual funds. To promote self-regulatory organizations. †¢To prohibit fraudulent unfair trade practices in securities market. †¢To promote investor’s education of intermediaries. †¢To prohibit insider trading in securities. †¢To regulate acquisition of shares takeovers of companies. Primary Secondary Market:- a)Primary Market In primary markets securities are bought by way of public issue directly from the company. In simple words â€Å"A market is primary if the proceeds of sales go to the issuer of the securities sold. † This is part of the financial market where enterprises issue their new shares and bonds. It is characterized by being the only moment when the enterprise receives money in exchange for selling its financial assets. b)Secondary Market The market where securities are traded after they are initially offered in the primary market. Most trading is done in the secondary market. To explain further, it is trading in previously issued financial instruments. Examples are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange NSE, bond markets, over-the-counter markets, residential mortgage loans, governmental guaranteed loans etc. EQUITY:- †¢NSE (National Stock Exchange):- The National Stock Exchange of India Limited or S CNX NIFTY (NSE) is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the largest stock exchange in India in of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. Mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities and second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16. You read "The Study of Basics of Share Market with Special Reference to Sharekhan." in category "Papers" 6%. NSE of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India. The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. †¢In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange u nder the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Currently, NSE has the following major segment of capital markets:- ?EQUITY ?FUTURES OPTIONS ?RETAIL DEBT MARKET ?WHOLESALE DEBT MARKET ?CURRENCY DEBT MARKET BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange):- BSE has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. The SENSEX also called the â€Å"BSE 30†, as it has the topmost performing 30 companies listed. BSE is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. BSE was established as â€Å"The Native Share Stock Brokers’ Association† in 1875. BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certifications. BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSE has two of world’s best exchanges, Deutsche Bores and Singapore Exchange, as its strategic partners. Today, BSE is the world’s number 1 exchange in terms of the number of listed companies and the world’s 5th in transaction numbers. An investor can choose from more than 4,700 listed companies, which for easy reference, are classified into A, B, S, T and Z groups. Bull Market:- There are two classic market types used to characterize the general direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is generally rising, typically the result of a strong economy. A bull market is typified by generally rising stock prices, high economic growth, and strong investor confidence in the economy. Simply put, bull markets are movements in the stock market in which prices are rising and the consensus is that prices will continue moving upward. During this time, economic production is high, jobs are plentiful and inflation is low. A key to successful investing during a bull market is to take advantage of the rising prices. Bear Market :- The opposite of a bull market is a bear market when prices are falling in a financial market for a prolonged period of time. A bear market tends to be accompanied by widespread pessimism. A bear market is slang for when stock prices have decreased for an extended period of time. If an investor is â€Å"bearish† they are referred to as a bear because they believe a particular company, industry, sector, or market in general is going to go down. Bear markets are the opposite–stock prices are falling, and the view is that they will continue falling. The economy will slow down, coupled with a rise in unemployment and inflation. Buy:- †¢We can buy the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and buy the shares on lower price than the market price. Sell:- †¢We can sell the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and sell the shares on higher rate than the market price. Short sell:- †¢Short selling starts with borrowing a stock from your broker †¢You sell the borrowed stock hoping to buy it back at a lower price and return (short cover) it to your broker for a profit †¢All rules for buying still apply Short cover:- †¢Must have already short sold the stock †¢May set a maximum price limit †¢All other rules for selling apply Derivative Market: – Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying assets, index) in a contractual manner. The underlying assets can be Equity, Forex, commodity, Bullion or any other assets. The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, Futures and Option, can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivatives products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking in asset price. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat, which is the â€Å"underlying†. Types of Derivatives:- The most commonly used derivatives contracts are forwards, futures and options. 1)Forwards: – A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specified date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price. A Forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified date for a specified price. The salient features of forward contracts are: – a)They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter party risk. b)Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. c)The contract price is generally not available in public domain. d)On the expiration date, the contract has been settled by delivery of the assets. e)If the party wishers to reverse the contract, he has to compulsory go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. )Futures: – A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Future contracts are special type’s forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange traded contracts. The futures markets were designed to solve the problems t hat exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts the exchange specified certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered and a standard timing of such settlement. 3)Options:- Option is a legal contract in which the writer of the option grants to the buyer, the right to purchase from or sell to the writer a designated instrument or a scrip at a specified price within a specified period of time. There are basically two types of options a)Call Option:- An option contract that gives its holder the right (but not the obligation) to purchase a specified number of shares of the underlying stock at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the contract, regardless of the prevailing market price of the underlying asset. One buys a call option if one believes the price for the underlying asset will rise by the end of the contract. If the price does rise, the holder may buy and resell the underlying asset for a profit. If the price does not rise, the option expires and the holder’s loss is limited to the price of buying the contract. Call options may be used on their own or in conjunction with put options to create an option spread in order to hedge risk. Buying a call option gives you, as owner, the right to buy a fixed quantity of the underlying product at a specified price, called the strike price, within a specified time period. For example, you might purchase a call option on 100 shares of a stock if you expect the stock price to increase but prefer not to tie up your investment principal by investing in the stock. If the price of the stock does go up, the call option will increase in value. You might choose to sell your option at a profit or exercise the option and buy the shares at the strike price. But if the stock price at expiration is less than the strike price, the option will be worthless. The amount you lose, in that case, is the premium you paid to buy the option plus any brokerage fees. In contrast, you can sell a call option, which is known as writing a call. That gives the buyer the right to buy the underlying investment from you at the strike price before the option expires. If you write a call, you are obliged to sell if the option is exercised and you are assigned to meet the call. b)Put Option:- A put option is a financial contract between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. The buyer acquires a short position by purchasing the right to sell the underlying instrument to the seller of the option for a specified price (the strike price) during a specified period of time. If the option buyer exercises their right, the seller is obligated to buy the underlying instrument from them at the agreed upon strike price, regardless of the current market price. In exchange for having this option, the buyer pays the seller or option writer a fee (the option premium). By providing a guaranteed buyer and price for an underlying instrument (for a specified span of time), put options offer insurance against excessive loss. Similarly, the seller of put options profits by selling options that are not exercised. Such is the case when the ongoing market value of the underlying instrument makes the option unnecessary; i. e. the market value of the instrument remains above the strike price during the option contract period. Purchasers of put options may also profit from the ability to sell the underlying instrument at an inflated price (relative to the current market value) and repurchase their position at the much reduced current market price. COMMODITY MARKET:- Commodity trading is an interesting option for those who wish to diversify from the traditional options like shares, bonds and portfolios. The Government has made almost all commodities entitled for futures trading. Three multi commodity exchanges have been set up in the country to facilitate this for the retail investors. The three national exchanges in India are: ? Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) ?National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) ?National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE) Commodity trading in India is still at its early days and thus requires an aggressive growth plan with innovative ideas. Liberal policies in commodity trading will definitely boost the commodity trading. The commodities and future market in the country is regulated by Forward Markets commission (FMC). Offerings of the Sharekhan:- Sharekhan offers both offline and online trading account. But now a days it mostly concentrates on online trading account through which a customer can buy and sell shares in an instant from any part of the globe through website. It does not take into account any type of physical restriction of going to the broker for carrying out a transaction or any type of settlement of payment. It facilitates the customer a speedy and hassle free transaction. Share khan’s product consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates:- ?D-mat Account ?Trading Account ?Bank Link ?Dial-N-Trade For doing a trading of shares everyone need D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one can kept his shares. Then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C through this trading account, a Sharekhan customer can directly transfer his funds from his savings account i. e. from bank account to Sharekhan to his trading account without any paper work. He can buy and sell shares from the website and also view the market prices of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows trading at present only on NSE. BSE trading will be shortly available. To open an account a customer requires filling up a form consisting of 12 agreements, a passport size photograph, a residential proof, a photo ID proof and a cheque drawn of respective amount in favour of S. S. Kantilal Ishwarlal securities Pvt. Ltd. from 22 March, 2007 cheque is drawn in favour of Sharekhan LTD itself. After opening an account with Sharekhan, a customer will be given User ID, Membership password and trading password, which will enable him to access his account and trade. Bank Connection:- Sharekhan has affiliation with 11 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the facility of instant credit and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows:- ? HDFC BANK ?AXIS BANK ?CITI BANK ?ICICI BANK OBC BANK ?UNION BANK ?INDUSIND BANK ?IDBI BANK ?BOI ?YES BANK ?DEUTSCHE BANK Dial-n-Trade:- It is also an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the toll free number 1800-22-7500 the customer will be directed to a tele-broker who will buy or sell shares for him. Share Market: – Share market is an area which fascinates each and every indiv idual who is craving for more money. â€Å"In simple Words, a â€Å"share or stock† is a document issued by a company, which entitles its holder to be one of the owners of the company. A share is issued by a company or can be purchased from the stock market†. Securities Exchange Board of India {SEBI}:- †¢Establishment of SEBI The Securities and Exchange Board of India was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. The basic functions of SEBI is to protect the interests of investors in securities, to regulate the securities market to promote its development. †¢Functions of SEBI †¢ To register regulate the working of capital market intermediaries. †¢To regulate the working of mutual funds. To promote self-regulatory organizations. †¢To prohibit fraudulent unfair trade practices in securities market. †¢To promote investor’s education of intermediaries. †¢To prohibit insider trading in securities. †¢To regulate acquisition of shares takeovers of companies. Primary Secondary Market:- a)Primary Market In primary markets securities are bought by way of public issue directly from the company. In simple words â€Å"A market is primary if the proceeds of sales go to the issuer of the securities sold. † This is part of the financial market where enterprises issue their new shares and bonds. It is characterized by being the only moment when the enterprise receives money in exchange for selling its financial assets. b)Secondary Market The market where securities are traded after they are initially offered in the primary market. Most trading is done in the secondary market. To explain further, it is trading in previously issued financial instruments. Examples are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange NSE, bond markets, over-the-counter markets, residential mortgage loans, governmental guaranteed loans etc. EQUITY:- †¢NSE (National Stock Exchange):- The National Stock Exchange of India Limited or S CNX NIFTY (NSE) is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the largest stock exchange in India in of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. Mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities and second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16. 6%. NSE of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India. The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. †¢In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Currently, NSE has the following major segment of c apital markets:- ?EQUITY ?FUTURES OPTIONS ?RETAIL DEBT MARKET ?WHOLESALE DEBT MARKET ?CURRENCY DEBT MARKET BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange):- BSE has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. The SENSEX also called the â€Å"BSE 30†, as it has the topmost performing 30 companies listed. BSE is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. BSE was established as â€Å"The Native Share Stock Brokers’ Association† in 1875. BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certifications. BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSE has two of world’s best exchanges, Deutsche Bores and Singapore Exchange, as its strategic partners. Today, BSE is the world’s number 1 exchange in terms of the number of listed companies and the world’s 5th in transaction numbers. An investor can choose from more than 4,700 listed companies, which for easy reference, are classified into A, B, S, T and Z groups. Bull Market:- There are two classic market types used to characterize the general direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is generally rising, typically the result of a strong economy. A bull market is typified by generally rising stock prices, high economic growth, and strong investor confidence in the economy. Simply put, bull markets are movements in the stock market in which prices are rising and the consensus is that prices will continue moving upward. During this time, economic production is high, jobs are plentiful and inflation is low. A key to successful investing during a bull market is to take advantage of the rising prices. Bear Market :- The opposite of a bull market is a bear market when prices are falling in a financial market for a prolonged period of time. A bear market tends to be accompanied by widespread pessimism. A bear market is slang for when stock prices have decreased for an extended period of time. If an investor is â€Å"bearish† they are referred to as a bear because they believe a particular company, industry, sector, or market in general is going to go down. Bear markets are the opposite–stock prices are falling, and the view is that they will continue falling. The economy will slow down, coupled with a rise in unemployment and inflation. Buy:- †¢We can buy the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and buy the shares on lower price than the market price. Sell:- †¢We can sell the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and sell the shares on higher rate than the market price. Short sell:- †¢Short selling starts with borrowing a stock from your broker †¢You sell the borrowed stock hoping to buy it back at a lower price and return (short cover) it to your broker for a profit †¢All rules for buying still apply Short cover:- †¢Must have already short sold the stock †¢May set a maximum price limit †¢All other rules for selling apply Derivative Market: – Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying assets, index) in a contractual manner. The underlying assets can be Equity, Forex, commodity, Bullion or any other assets. The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, Futures and Option, can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivatives products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking in asset price. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat, which is the â€Å"underlying†. Types of Derivatives:- The most commonly used derivatives contracts are forwards, futures and options. 1)Forwards: – A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specified date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price. A Forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified date for a specified price. The salient features of forward contracts are: – a)They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter party risk. b)Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. c)The contract price is generally not available in public domain. d)On the expiration date, the contract has been settled by delivery of the assets. e)If the party wishers to reverse the contract, he has to compulsory go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. )Futures: – A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Future contracts are special type’s forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange traded contracts. The futures markets were designed to solve the problems t hat exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts the exchange specified certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered and a standard timing of such settlement. 3)Options:- Option is a legal contract in which the writer of the option grants to the buyer, the right to purchase from or sell to the writer a designated instrument or a scrip at a specified price within a specified period of time. There are basically two types of options a)Call Option:- An option contract that gives its holder the right (but not the obligation) to purchase a specified number of shares of the underlying stock at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the contract, regardless of the prevailing market price of the underlying asset. One buys a call option if one believes the price for the underlying asset will rise by the end of the contract. If the price does rise, the holder may buy and resell the underlying asset for a profit. If the price does not rise, the option expires and the holder’s loss is limited to the price of buying the contract. Call options may be used on their own or in conjunction with put options to create an option spread in order to hedge risk. Buying a call option gives you, as owner, the right to buy a fixed quantity of the underlying product at a specified price, called the strike price, within a specified time period. For example, you might purchase a call option on 100 shares of a stock if you expect the stock price to increase but prefer not to tie up your investment principal by investing in the stock. If the price of the stock does go up, the call option will increase in value. You might choose to sell your option at a profit or exercise the option and buy the shares at the strike price. But if the stock price at expiration is less than the strike price, the option will be worthless. The amount you lose, in that case, is the premium you paid to buy the option plus any brokerage fees. In contrast, you can sell a call option, which is known as writing a call. That gives the buyer the right to buy the underlying investment from you at the strike price before the option expires. If you write a call, you are obliged to sell if the option is exercised and you are assigned to meet the call. )Put Option:- A put option is a financial contract between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. The buyer acquires a short position by purchasing the right to sell the underlying instrument to the seller of the option for a specified price (the strike price) during a specified period of time. If the option buyer exercises their right, the seller is obli gated to buy the underlying instrument from them at the agreed upon strike price, regardless of the current market price. In exchange for having this option, the buyer pays the seller or option writer a fee (the option premium). By providing a guaranteed buyer and price for an underlying instrument (for a specified span of time), put options offer insurance against excessive loss. Similarly, the seller of put options profits by selling options that are not exercised. Such is the case when the ongoing market value of the underlying instrument makes the option unnecessary; i. e. the market value of the instrument remains above the strike price during the option contract period. Purchasers of put options may also profit from the ability to sell the underlying instrument at an inflated price (relative to the current arket value) and repurchase their position at the much reduced current market price. COMMODITY MARKET:- Commodity trading is an interesting option for those who wish to diversify from the traditional options like shares, bonds and portfolios. The Government has made almost all commodities entitled for futures trading. Three multi commodity exchanges have been set up in the country to facilitate this for the retail investors. The three national exchanges in India are: ? Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) ?National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) ?National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE) Commodity trading in India is still at its early days and thus requires an aggressive growth plan with innovative ideas. Liberal policies in commodity trading will definitely boost the commodity trading. The commodities and future market in the country is regulated by Forward Markets commission (FMC). Knowledge Gained at Sharekhan:- †¢We have learned various aspects regarding to products of the Sharekhan ltd. †¢We have also gained a lot of knowledge about the schemes policies of the company also about its competitors. †¢We have learned about the various indices their significance in market. We have also learned the impact of Sensex Nifty on overall stock market. †¢We have learned about various fundamentals technical aspects which affect the stock prices in short run long run. †¢At Sharekhan we have also been taught to use the online terminal. †¢We also learned how to enhance communications convincing skills how to approach the customers. †¢W e have learned a lot relating to finance. Bibliography:- †¢Websites: www. nseindia. com www. bseindia. com www. moneycontrol. com www. sharekhan. com †¢Books Magazines: Business Today Business Standard How to cite The Study of Basics of Share Market with Special Reference to Sharekhan., Papers

Reflection-Social Issues free essay sample

Reflection: Social Issues Philippines nowadays face different social issues that eventually trigger the country’s economy and development. Recently I saw on television and read in newspapers and internet outraged the conscience of mankind about the current situation of our country and it’s very alarming. There are so much issues the Philippines was facing right now but I cited only three (3) that for me were continuously growing and haven’t yet the solution (long term). Poverty is I think the most common problem every Filipino people encountered and struggling nowadays.I used to call my situation then as â€Å"poor† as if poverty really stricken in our family because my parents could not afford to buy me new pair of shoes or new dress compared to my classmates in which every week they’ve got new stuffs. I felt envious and having self-pity in silence. That’s my definition of poverty then, the inadequacy and lack of something and couldn’t have something that others have. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection-Social Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet things change when I was once witness a real life scenario which I thought it only happened to movies. It was summer break and I spent my vacation at my Aunt’s place.On the way to my aunt’s house, I saw a rubbish dump where thousands of families lived and worked on massive piles of those trash. I was astonished to the scenario I’m seeing. Their houses are just a little shanty homes made of poor materials that would surely collapse when a typhoon arrived. Children there worked and played in those filthy surroundings. They looked so thin and malnourished. This desperation I saw during a month of vacation there was just a tip of the ice berg compared to the other communities and places that were terribly experiencing the same situation or even worse than this. It was quite heartbreaking and made me realize how fortunate am to have the things I have now unlike them who have nothing. I felt embarrass because I’m always complaining why my parents could not give this and that yet in reality, I’m much better in my state right now. I’ve come to realize that if we’re poor, some people out there are even poorer than us. I always reminding myself not to just let this experience of mine remained just memory or a story to tell but I really want people who’d heard his story became motivated to live a life that makes a difference. A pregnant woman who is not getting enough of the nutrients that her body needs naturally gives birth to a baby with a weakened body. As the child grows older, the lack of nutrition available in his or her diet further affects the growth and development of his or her body. Malnutrition is one of the greatest problems when it comes to children of poor families in the Philippines. Possible Solutions: -the government should buckle down to the serious business of revising its food, agricultural and trade policies. -create employment

Management Across Cultures free essay sample

What are some current issues facing Poland? What is the climate for doing business in Poland today? According to the Poland segment coined â€Å"In the International Spotlight†, Poland has been seeking economic liberation for an extensive number of years which could be a hindrance because they are considered a country with a transitioning economy. Government and legislation have held Poland back and thus are some of the current issues facing Poland. Poland is a positive climate however, for Poland is very attractive to MNCs. With Poland being centralized amongst the other European countries, MNCs have greater access to competitive nearby markets. In addition, productivity will need to increase in order for Poland to truly compete with Western European nations. Question #2: Is the Canadian manufacturing firm using an economic, political or quality imperative approach to strategy? I would say that the Canadian manufacturing firm is utilizing an economic strategy. They are making an attempt to take advantage of the economic situation in Poland via renovation at a plant near Warsaw so as to build power tools. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Across Cultures or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Question #3: How should the firm carry out the environmental scanning process? Would the process be of any practical value? All businesses are affected by external factors and therefore monitoring must be done in an effort to maintain heightened awareness of these factors; environmental scanning is a process where various relevant data is collected in order to make business decisions – these two go hand in hand. When entering a new market, like the Canadian firm plans to do in Poland, environmental scanning is essential and can contain practical value. They need to be focused on the external factors in addition to economic growth, income levels and/or employment rates as it relates to their market. Environmental scanning assists in making decisions related to expansion, innovation, and entering or leaving a market. Question #4: What are two key factors for success that will be important if this project is to be successful? The two key factors include the use of small power tools and the competitive nature of the industry. Poland needs to be able to be competitive and increase productivity. It is to the advantage of the Canadian firm that there is little to no competition since there is very low demand for power tools in the area. Hofstede  Dimension: Information I read in our textbook revealed that Poland is a hierarchical society where everyone seems to have a place in the order whereas in the United States hierarchy is established for convenience. The difference between the two in reference to the power distance revolves around the US being subordinate and recognizing their place in the hierarchy of Poland. Both Poland and the United States are defined as individualistic societies, but the Unites States exhibits a much stronger individualistic culture over Poland but because of the need for a hierarchy, a manager or business partner from the United States may have to utilize a second method of communication via a personal contact with everyone in the structure so as not to offend and stress the equality amongst the organization. Another factor to consider is the uncertainty of Poland per the Hofstede score. Poland seems to have very specific rules whereas the Unites States are a little more lax; therefore the need to follow the Poland based rules is essential to a successful business relationship.

SARS essays

SARS essays SARS is a severe acute respiratory syndrome that was first detected in southern China in 2002. It received national attention when Hong Kong when there was an explosive outbreak. A global emergency was declared by the World Health Organization, in which a team of microbiologists, epidemiologists and health physicians came in to study and contain this disease. These teams were trying to determine the infectious agent, mode of transmission, diagnostic tests to determine optimal treatment and develop therapeutic agents and vaccine. SARS is a coronavirus and Kochs postulated were fulfilled when the experiment was achieved in macaques. There were nine sequences done on novel proteins for which analysis was predicted on their functions. It is believed the coronavirus mutated from a cat, eaten as a delicacy in Southern China. The virus acts differently from other human coronaviruses and most other respiratory pathogens. The mortality rate is very high. The virus is believed to be transmitted thru aerosol and droplets. The port of entry is believed to be inhaled or contact with mucus membranes; it is also present in feces. SARS spread quickly thru health care workers. The recommended protocols for SARS us negative pressure rooms, face masks, gloves, eyes, head protection and hand washing. The most common symptoms of SARS are fever, myalgia, headache, mild respiratory infection, dry cough, dyspnea, hypoxia. Progressive pulmonary infiltrates appears and respiratory failure worsens. A chest x-ray will be issued to see if the infiltrates have worsened. Lab tests have been developed to diagnosis SARS and these tests are called PCA and ELISA which detects serum antibodies. Early detection, isolation of the case found remain key elements in formulating local, national and international strategies to control SARS globally. Neighborhoods, hospitals, and markets have been shut down to prevent the spread of disease when an out...

Ethical dilemmas permeate the criminal justice system. (The Parole Research Paper

Ethical dilemmas permeate the criminal justice system. (The Parole Board, The Warden, The District Attorney, The Officer) - Research Paper Example Thus, Robert should endeavour to maintain the high standards set for a state prison. In the same way, Robert’s jurisdiction is not only limited to the physical welfare of the prisoners. He must also see to it that the objective of incarceration of the prisoners, that is, not just to punish them for their malfeasance and/or misfeasance, but more so, to reform them so as to make them more productive individuals after their release. The issue on overcrowded prison cells already exists. The potential risk of being sued for violation of human rights, among others, cannot be denied. The families of the concerned inmates or even the concerned citizens may sue the state anytime, and the grounds therefore are glaring. This may only be one issue; however, the possibility of using it against the present administration is a big possibility. It may therefore ripen into a national or international issue. On the other hand, premature release of prisoners will surely expose the public from danger. If the inmates will be released sooner than they should be, the process of reformation may not be complete. Hence, the inclination to do evil is not yet totally cleansed from the prisoners. The period within which the each prisoner would undergo in order to realize his mistakes and its consequences is not yet attained. Therefore, there will be no assurance that upon release of these prisoners, they could easily live normally with other people, without the public being exposed to possible risks of becoming victims, once again, by the former lawless elements. I believe that Robert should not suggest the release of inmates to community-based supervision. Rather, Robert should suggest that additional prison cells be constructed so as to solve the problem on overcrowding. If he will do the former, Robert will be relieved of some of his duties but ultimately, he shall be morally responsible for its consequences. Robert should apply the â€Å"act utilitarian ethical theory†. This means that his decision must be based on the greatest benefit to the most number of people, without regard to the personal feelings or societal pressures. According to this theory, â€Å"an individual’s rights may be infringed in order to benefit a greater population.† (Rainbow, Catherine. â€Å"Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles â€Å". Davidson College. n.d. Web. 05 May 2012. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/indep/carainbow/Theories.htm) This act utilitarian ethical theory takes into account the total value of the effects of a particular act, the one which is more important. The act that yields to the common good or benefit is considered the perfect ethical choice. If the overall benefits from an act is greater than the total damage, if any, the decision made is definitely morally acceptable. In this scenario, premature release of prisoners to community- based supervision is favourable to the inmates only. They will be freed from living in highly-congested prison cells where they are exposed to acquired illnesses, uncomfortable manner of sleep, etc. Yes, there is the possibility of them becoming â€Å"normal† persons in the civil society if given the chance. However, since their term of imprisonment is not yet through, the former being based on the kind of crime committed, the likelihood that they have not yet fully realized the consequences of their acts and its effects to the community might expose the public to a possible repetition of the criminal acts previously committed. These possibilities, no matter how remote, cannot totally be ignored. Robert should instill in his mind that prisoners were being imprisoned because of commission of a crime. They need

The Criminal Justice Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Criminal Justice Process - Research Paper Example On a written complaint to the police by the victim, it is incumbent upon the police to investigate the matter. As a result of police investigation, if it is found prima facie that crime has been committed, the police may arrest the suspect on the basis of warrant of arrest issued by the judge. The police after completion of its investigation shall submit its investigation report to the office of District Attorney. The prosecuting attorney will review the investigation report to determine whether to suspect will be connected with the crime or not (Steury & Frank, 1996). If suspect connects with the crime, he / she may be sent to the prison. He / she remains in the prison until the case is decided by the competent court of law. If released on bail, the release agreement will sign by the accused criminal. The release agreement contains the conditions that accused will appear in the circuit court on due dates of hearings, will not leave the place of residence without the court permission and will not intimidate the victim in any manner whatsoever. If the defendant contacts victim, the victim has the right to report the matter to the court release officer for taking necessary action. The release agreement will be effective until the court decides the case (Walklate, 1989). The case starts when charge document against an accused is filed by the district attorney. Charge document may be in the form of complaint, information or indictment. A crime comes under the ambit of felony where one can get imprisonment for a period of more than a year. The crime committed under the felonies is manufacturing, delivering and possessing of drugs, theft, burglary, sexual assault etc. However, misdemeanor crimes (harassment, menacing and trespassing) are those where an accused cannot get sentence of incarceration of more than a year (Walklate, 1989). First appearance of a defendant in a

Issues of Organizational Politics in the Workplace

Issues of Organizational Politics in the Workplace Introduction Organizations, like other institutions that bring together human interactions, are bound to have persons of diverse positions in the pecking order with divergent opinions and beliefs. Such divergent opinions and beliefs are manifested in the form of political posturing, and can at times bring an organizations activities to a standstill. Yet these politics in the organizations cannot be circumvented, as a direct consequence of the composite nature of organizational behavior and structure. Arguments may subsist as to whether organizational politics are beneficial or detrimental to the effective running of an organization. Such arguments are informed by the upshots of dissenting views within the organization, whether hierarchical or across departments, that have functional interdependencies. Nevertheless, a clear comprehension and appreciation of the complexity of an organization, regarding its behavioral and structural attributes, will be cognizant of the reality that politics is an in trinsic composition of any human-managed institution. Organizational politics are normally so complexly interwoven within the organizational structure that employee interactions, traditions, activities, performances and results are tremendously affected and shaped by them. It is necessary therefore to understand the impact of politics on organizations and try to channel the employee energy into meaningful output that does not undermine the overriding goals of the organization. Roots of Organizational Politics Organizational politics has varied and subjective definitions depending on the nature of the firm. Pfeiffer (1981, p. 7) describes politics as those activities taken within organizations to acquire, develop, and use power and other resources to obtain ones preferred outcomes in a situation in which there is uncertainty or dissensus about choices. This definition by Pfeiffer not only reveals the tight rope that managers have walk when carrying out their managerial duties, but it also unmasks the selfish interests that are always vested in organizations between and among departments. In fact organizational politics could be identified as the selfish and scheming behavior of employees and departments to advance vested interests at other employees and departments expense. These selfish interests are manifested through the scramble for organizational resources, employee and inter-departmental conflicts, struggle for power and headship and strategic control effected by managers, supervisor s and departments. These managers, supervisors and departments in the organization will carry execute these activities with the intentions of getting power, cultivating individual significance or stature, accessing sensitive and valuable information, concealing true intentions and crafting alliances. Browsing through the bulk of management literature one gets the impression that organizational management is a straightforward consensual performance unit, where concurrences on institutional goals readily abide and where managers, supervisors and subordinates freely communicate and merge their individual or departmental interests with those of entire organization. Some of these literatures claim that conflicts in the workplace can be totally eliminated by communication and transparency, or by laying off sections of the workforce that exhibit dissenting opinions. Such perceptions of organizations are diametric to the research findings of activities and processes within institutions, which reveal the existence of conflicts at all levels. Indeed, Henry Mintzberg (1989) posits that organizational politics is not an upshot of structure but power, and therefore communication and transparency cannot deracinate politics. Mintzberg goes ahead to assert that organizations only function on the foundation of influential systems like politics, authority, expertise and ideology. He adds authority, ideology, or expertise-have some basis of legitimacy. But sometimes those means are used to pursue ends that are illegitimate (Mintzberg 1989, p. 249). It is clear therefore that the organization management is not a rational process. It is easy to understand the root of an organizations politics once we understand the diverse values existent in the system. Different values by different departmental managers in an organization can foster divergent notions as to which part the organization should follow to realize development. This is always the primary cause of organizational conflict; divergent values. It is factual that departmental managers sometimes make arbitrary choices in the workplace and they always cover up their choices by politics. Politics will be used by some managers to rationalize some of their choices when a review into their decisions holds that their choices lacked empirical backing. In short, when a managers decision appears to lack empirical and supportive evidence, the manager will attempt frame the problem in a different way and rally colleague who are sympathetic to him or her. Framing a problem differently is always advised by the values of the people who the manager will be hoping to get backing from. Other than values, special interests subsist in every organization from the top to the bottom. The diversity in special interests is exhibited in aspects like funding for projects, allocation of resources to departmental units and career outlooks. Employees, especially managerial ones, are always ambitious in their career outlooks and this creates rivalry within the hierarchical ladder. But the rivalry over career interests is not as clearly manifested as the scramble for funding and resources (Bacharach Lawler 1980). The division of labor in the organization means a firm is partitioned into functional units also called departments. These demarcated departments are a sure source of political alignments as they line up employees against functional goals, which may not necessary go parallel with each other. To illustrate the causal political influence of departments on organizational set up, let us consider a scenario where the marketing department seeks to boost sales by improving delivery time and diversifying company products, while the production department endeavors to reduce the variety of products and having the least possible inventory. Such a scenario can only result in the alignment of employees in the two departments to the interests of their departments. Pfeiffer observes that the subunit differences that emerge from the division of labor are reinforced by differences in the training, backgrounds, and prior socialization of individuals recruited into different subunits (Pfeiffer 1981, p 73). Intrinsically, employees will subliminally have their allegiance to their departments and will side with it in case conflicts arise in the overall set up. The differences that exist between line and staff can also cause conflicts. R.D Aragwal notes that the relationship between line and staff are often characterized more by conflict than cooperation. Staff specialists complain that line managers are resistant to their ideas and line managers complain that staff managers are sky-gazing specialists with no comprehension of practical solutions (Agarwal 1983, p. 151). These posturings in the workplace are prevalent because of a number of reasons. Agarwal lists these reasons as: the evident ambition and idiosyncratic behaviors of the staff managers; the apprehension of the staff in justifying its organizational survival and get the appreciation for its efforts; the dependency of senior staff employees on line staff for their incumbent positions; indistinct designation of staff roles; and ignorance by higher management. Another source of conflict could be the reality that top managers seek to place themselves in positions that seem very approving in the eyes of the chief executive officers, directors or heads of departments. It is clear, like mentioned previously, that managers are very ambitious and seek promotions. But it is also crystal clear that as the hierarchical organization ladder goes up, the number of plum positions gets fewer and fewer. This fuels competition and rivalry among employees seeking a similar position. Because of the simple fact that promotions require credibility of a candidate, prospective promotion employees will attempt to outdo each other and triumph in small competitive conflicts. It is the attempts to prevail in smaller conflicts that reveal hidden agendas, which later set the stage for larger political battles. The small conflicts always result in underlying alliances and unspoken networks that are the basis of attaining power. Positively Exploiting Organizational Politics The comprehension of an organizations political set up is extremely important for management to steer the firm towards its objectives. Internally trained managers, supervisors and departmental heads will have a plus of acquaintance with general political circumstances existing in the company (various alliances and networks of influence, which can unlock an impasse or create one). Poached managers-those brought trained by other firms-ought to apply significant efforts to study and appreciate the prevailing organizational politics, by careful observation and conscientious interaction with various factions of employees. Buchannan and Badham (2008) hold that some of the pointers accessible for managers, supervisors and department heads for assessing the political environment are: overall employee satisfaction in organizational role, positive reaction to inventive ideas, decision-making efficiency and swift and speedy discharging of decisions. Insight is fundamental for management to take advantage of open channels and repress retrogressive organizational politics, and equally  boost their personal credibility.   Buchannan and Badham also hold that outstanding managers make use of political influence accessible to them in various situations so as to uphold the overriding interests of the organization. The moment a manager comprehensively appreciates the unique settings that cause the employees in an organization to shift loyalties towards particular special interests; the leaders can use the information about the nature of these politics to the benefit of the organization. A manager with an understanding of the politics of the organization surely has leverage that can enable him use the politics and graduate to higher headship position, with excellent orientation of institutional politics. With proper political orientation; a manager can proficiently time an opening to bring to light his or her contribution to the organization; guarantee that higher management will back delicate initiative or choices; utilize apposite personnel to communicate their message across; and respect the pecking orde r regardless of the hurdles it produce. Political insight is always tested when handling aspects like changes in the management or management crises. It is imperative a leader identifies the factions that are going to back him against those that will try to undermine his or her credibility. Unquestionably, managers are source of organizational influence, power and obviously politics. Because people inherently have needs and wishes and leaders possess the capability to offer these needs and wishes, leaders who accomplish or deliver these wants have power. Dennis Wong writes, The most general use of the word power in English is as a synonym for capacity, skill, or talent. This use encompasses the capacity to engage in certain kinds of performance (1979, p. 1). Managers can greatly repress political environment that has a negative effect on the attitude of employees and organizational outputs by linking employee wants and organizational objectives, in such a manner that realization of shared objectives also causes routine realization of personal needs. Managers, supervisors, and heads of departments must recognize that organizational politics is a result of the traditions of trust in the institution, which is created through rationalized values and promoted by communicatio n and transparency. Communication and transparency in processes and duties is crucial in generating a climate where cut-throat organizational politics does not completely replace progressive traditions that place importance on achievement of organizational goals. Politics in the organizational setting has rules and the sooner a manager or leader deciphers the basics, the sooner he or she will build alliances and networks that serve his or her interests. Organizational politics has pros and cons and can sometimes result in loss of job or can alternatively result in promotion, depending on who is calling the shots. Organizational politics is not confined to the higher management as every member of the firm from senior chief executive, department heads, supervisors and normal employees participates in power games at one point. Gilbert Fairholm nevertheless observes that Older group members use it more than those newly inducted into the organization. It is beyond doubt an instrument for securing organizational rewards (2009, p.38). The basics are simple: respect the chain of command, seek favoritism by appearing credible, improve on speed of decision making and avoid stepping on too many peoples shoes. To be the best; be driven by factual data, c reate alliances, admit mistakes, unravel motives of allies and rivals, align your interests with the organizations goals, seek common ground in stand-offs, and always agree to disagree (Forster Browne 1996). Conclusion Organizational politics is a contentious issue in many firms and has been the subject of studies by academic writers who have sought to understand the impact of organizational politics in the running of modern organizations. Once considered a hidden power dynamic, many organizations are now embracing the reality that human are inherently political animals and possess diverse values and notions regarding what aspects of organizational life are rational and what are not. Empirical data from renowned sociologists like Dennis Wong to management academician like Jeffery Pfeiffer all agree that suppressing organization culture is futile because human intrinsically compete for supremacy and survival. The workplace, being an area where most humans spend averagely 8 hours of their lifetimes has been transformed into a political arena. In an arena where dependencies prominently subsist, where there exist divergent targets and beliefs regarding innovation and technology use and where scarcity o f resources may exist, it is hard not to find competition for resources and stature. While a host of literatures on the subject of organizational politics might spend a considerable volume of their analysis on the merits or demerits of the contentious subject, most of them conclusively appreciate the reality that it is difficult to circumvent politics. Politics is about power and influence, and so is the organization.

3 Entrepreneurship Similarities and Differences Essay

The Entrepreneurs that I am comparing and contrasting are Elon Musk, Sir Richard Branson, and Jim Garlend. The difference in character traits between these men is rather easy to point out. Elon’s main goal was to change the world and had the ability to convince people he was going to do so. Richard was intrigued by adventure, and beating the system which led to his first experience behind bars for tax evasion. While Jims motivation was leaning towards helping people lives. He wanted to personally make a positive impact on society. I personally can relate to Jim’s need to impact society. I find that helping people motivates me more than anything else in this world. It’s imperative for me to seek out a profession that will directly involve helping the society to help me to be passionate about what I do for the rest of my life. See more: Satirical essay about drugs Ask yourself, are you following your passion? If the answer is no, I suggest think deeper to find out what you are going to do with this life you have? A few more differences between these men are their education levels and skill sets. Elon was a student for a few years of his life and was be considered genus growing up. On the other hand Richard was dyslexic, and he struggled to get by in school. Differences in skill sets between these men were phenomenally different. Jim had an excellent way of communicating to his employees. Elon could teach himself almost everything by reading, and literally knowing more about a certain subject than his professors did. Richard was great at delegating work to employees; therefore, can be a strong asset in the business world. A few comparisons between Elon, Richard, and Jim are that they take risks. Elon and Richard became nearly bankrupt a few times from the risks they took. These visionaries made their dreams a reality, so they went be on the storming stage to the acting stage. They were motivated by self-worth. Have you ever been proud of something you created, which accomplished the goal you wanted it to? That’s exactly what these men strived to reach. I think a common thought process they all shared was the ability to see into a system and see that they could do it better or provide more value to the customer. This systematic thinking gave them courage to see the bright side of things. They knew some way that things would work out which lead them to share optimism as a characteristic. One of the same things that makes them different also units them, it’s their eagerness to make an impact on the world around them. Elon’s goal was literally to change the way the world operated, and progressively move forward with innovating new products. Richard wanted to make an impact on each industry that they entered with Virgin’s way of doing things by providing entertainment. Jim’s main goal was to changes lives by providing opportunity for his workers to excel in.

Percentage of Water In Popcorn Essay

The purpose of this lab was to find the percentage of water in each sample of popcorn in order to determine which brand of kernels: beta, gamma, or delta, all with different amounts of water, produced the best-popping popcorn. The amount of water in the popcorn affects the quality of the popcorn. When the water inside the kernel is heated above 100à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, the water turns into gas which causes the pressure inside the kernel to increase. The pressure of the gas expands the kernel, which causes it to pop. Quality was judged on the basis of the rate of the pops, the size of the popcorn, and how easily the popcorn burned. Each technique of popcorn was divided up into three piles in order to conduct three trials on each technique. A group of kernels was massed and then placed into a beaker, which was also massed. Then just enough oil was poured into the beaker to cover the bottom of the beaker with a thin film of oil. A piece of foil with tiny holes was placed over the beaker, and the beaker with the foil, oil, and kernels was massed. The kernels in the beaker were heated using a Bunsen burner. (See Figure 1 – Setup Diagram) While the kernels popped, the beaker was shaken in order to prevent the popped popcorn from burning and to shake the unpopped kernels to the bottom. Once all the kernels had popped, the beaker was removed from the Bunsen burner and set to cool. After it had cooled, the beaker with foil, oil, and kernels were massed again. The same steps were repeated for the rest of the samples and qualitative observations were made throughout the experiment. Multiple trials were used in this experiment to increase the chances of accuracy and to determine which data is reliable. If there were not multiple trials, then there is no way of knowing whether the data collected by one trial is accurate or completely inaccurate. To find the amount of water in each kernel, this formula was used: mass of unpopped popcorn – mass of popped popcorn à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 = % of water in unpopped popcorn mass of unpopped popcorn The mass of the unpopped popcorn in the numerator was the mass of the kernels before they were popped added to the beaker, foil, and oil. The mass of the popped popcorn was the mass of the popped kernels added to the beaker, foil, and oil. The mass of unpopped popcorn in the denominator was the actual mass of the unpopped kernels massed alone. The beta kernels hold 11.1%, 11.3%, and 10.9% water for trials 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The gamma kernels are composed of 16.7%, 15.7%, and 14.8% water, while the delta kernels contain 19.4%, 17.0%, 19.0% water for trials 1, 2, and 3 respectively. (Refer to appendix for original data and calculations). See Table 1 – Percentage of Water in Popcorn Beta, Gamma, and Delta The data for beta was the most precise among the three different techniques. The data for delta fluctuated the most and was the least precise. According to my data, the delta kernels had the highest percentage of water and the beta kernels had the lowest percentage of water. The gamma brand was in between the two. In my qualitative observations, I observed that the gamma kernels popped the fastest, smoothly, and produced the largest popcorn. I observed that the delta kernels produced the medium-sized popcorn, and the beta kernels tended to burn very easily and produced the smallest popcorn. Basically, the beta brand of kernels was the worst popping popcorn, while the gamma brand of kernels produced the best popping popcorn. These results convey that too little water within kernels make bad popcorn, and too much water produces just medium-sized popcorn. From the overall calculations and averages, it can be concluded that 15-16% water in a kernel produces the best popcorn. To find the theoretical amount of water in the popcorn, the most accurate data of the class were added together and averaged. When compared to the class average, the average of my data was rather accurate. To find the percent error, this formula was used: Percent Error = ? theoretical value – actual value ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 100 Theoretical value My percent error for beta, gamma, and delta kernels was 0.90%, 4.46%, and 13.5% respectively. (See calculations in appendix) See Table 2 – Percent Error This percent error could have occurred while massing. Since there were several balanced used instead of just one, the masses could have differed. One balance was used for the kernels, while the beaker mass was found using a separate balance. The different balances could have lowered the accuracy of the masses. Another place where mass could have been inaccurate was when the popcorn was popped. Sometimes the popcorn was burned, while other times the popcorn was popped perfectly. If the popcorn was burnt, the mass was lowered by the release of CO2. Also, the duration of the heating of the popcorn was inconsistent. Since the popcorn of the same technique would still pop at different rates, it is impossible to control the time of the heating. But the longer the beaker is heated, the longer the oil inside is also heated and evaporating. So the longer the beaker is heated, the more gas escapes and the lower the mass will be, which will increase the percentage of water in the popcorn. Also, while the beakers were cooling off, some of the moisture could have been collected back in the beaker since the foil was not always taken off immediately. This would have added to the mass and lowered the percentage of water. To improve this lab, only one lab balance should be used during the entire experiment. Also, more care should be exercised when popping popcorn so that the popcorn does not burn. This could be done by lowering the heat and shaking the popcorn inside the beaker. Also, the foil on the beaker should be removed immediately after heating. In this lab, I discovered that more water in a kernel does not necessarily mean that it will produce larger popcorn, as I had initially had predicted. Ultimately, based on my data and the class average (theoretical value) 15-16% water in a kernel produces the best popcorn. I learned that the amount of water in the kernel affects the rate at which the kernel pops, more than it affects the size of the popped corn.

The Upper Room Discourse ( John 13-17 ) - 1005 Words

The Upper Room Discourse (John 13-17) marked the end of Jesus’ three-year ministry and served to be Jesus’ farewell address to the beloved apostles. During Jesus’ final moments with the apostles, Jesus would proceed to institute a new blood covenant (Luke 22:20; Mark 14:24) and provide final instructions and encouragement to the apostles before facing the sorrow, rejection, betrayal, and death for which Jesus had come into this world (Houdmann, n.d.). Thus, the final moments between Jesus and the apostles revealed countless theological truths that were demonstrated through word, deed, admonishment, and prophecy (Douglas Tenney, 2010). Before revealing those truths, Jesus would have to settle a dispute (Luke 22:24) amongst the apostles†¦show more content†¦Jesus’ departure also created anxiety and questions amongst the apostles (Pentecost, 1981). Thus, in the narrative of John 13:36-14:31, Jesus lovingly admonishes the apostles with the command of â€Å"Let not your heart be troubled† (Wiersbe, 2007). As a consequence of this command, Jesus promised the apostles a place in heaven along with Christ’s return (John 14:3), assurance that Christ was the way to the Father (John 14:6), and a permanent, indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit (John 14:16; Acts 13:52) who would be the apostle’s teacher (Luke 12:12) in Jesus’ absence (Gromacki, 1978). Most profound is the fact that with Jesus’ ascension into heaven, the apostles would benefit in Jesus’ absence (John 14:9) with greater spiritual power (Pentecost, 1981). Additionally, Jesus also revealed the divine e ssence of the Godhead (John 14:9) while further defining the true essence of Christianity, â€Å"Ye in me, I in you† (Gromacki, 1978). 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